STATE THEORY VS NON-STATE THEORY OF HYPNOSIS
Today, we’re going to explore two fundamental theories in the world of hypnosis: the State Theory and the Non-State Theory. As a student of hypnosis, understanding these theories is essential for developing a well-rounded approach to your practice.
State Theory of Hypnosis
The State Theory puts forward that hypnosis is a unique and distinct state of consciousness, setting it apart from our normal waking state. The key characteristics of this state include heightened suggestibility, where co-operators under hypnosis are more receptive to suggestions and respond to them more intensely. Another important aspect is deep relaxation, a profound sense of relaxation distinct from being awake or asleep. What this implies is that individuals may experience changes in perception, memory, and control over their actions during hypnosis, suggesting that hypnosis could tap into a special brain state that might be identifiable and measurable.
Included under the State Theory are:
- Dissociation Theory (Ernest Hilgard): This theory proposes a split or dissociation in an individual’s consciousness during hypnosis, creating separate streams of awareness. It suggests a division within the mind, with one part being aware and another deeply involved in responding to hypnotic suggestions.
- Neodissociation Theory (Ernest Hilgard): An extension of the Dissociation Theory, suggesting hypnosis induces a split in the executive control system of the mind. This theory adds complexity to the understanding of the dissociative process in hypnosis.
- Neurophysiological Theories: These theories focus on the neurological and physiological underpinnings of hypnosis, examining changes in brain activity and function during hypnotic states. They seek to identify specific neurobiological markers associated with hypnotic states.
Non-State Theory of Hypnosis
The Non-State Theory challenges the idea of hypnosis as a unique state of consciousness. Instead, it explains hypnosis through well-understood psychological processes such as the individual’s expectations, suggestibility, and social conformity. This theory suggests that hypnotic experiences result from a person’s attitudes, beliefs, and expectations, not from a unique hypnotic state. It highlights the interpersonal dynamics between the hypnotist and the co-operator.
Included under the Non-State Theory are:
- Social Role-Playing Theory (Theodore Sarbin): Views hypnosis as a form of social role-playing, where the subject adopts a role based on societal beliefs about how a hypnotized person should behave. It suggests that the power of hypnosis lies in the subject’s willingness to fulfill the role of being hypnotized.
- Socio-Cognitive Theory (Nicholas Spanos): Combines elements of social role-playing and cognitive-behavioral theories. This approach emphasizes the role of social context and cognitive beliefs in shaping hypnotic experiences, viewing hypnosis as an outcome of these factors.
- Cognitive-Behavioral Theory: Integrates principles of cognitive and behavioral psychology. It suggests that hypnosis results from learned patterns of thinking and behavior influenced by expectations and context, highlighting the role of mental processes and learned behaviors in the hypnotic experience.
- Phenomenological Control Theory (Zoltán Dienes): This theory suggests that hypnotic phenomena are significantly influenced by changes in a person’s metacognitive beliefs about their own voluntary actions. It posits that during hypnosis, individuals may experience their actions as involuntary, even though they are still under their control.
Contrasting the Two Theories
When we compare these two theories, we see that the State Theory focuses on hypnosis as an altered state, implying a unique physiological and psychological shift. In contrast, the Non-State Theory views hypnosis as an outcome of normal psychological processes, without the need for a special altered state.
In Training Context
As you delve deeper into your studies of hypnosis, it’s crucial to consider these perspectives. They assist in understanding why different co-operators may respond differently to hypnosis and guide you in selecting the most suitable techniques and explanations for your practice. By comparing and contrasting these theories, you as a student of hypnosis will develop a more nuanced understanding of hypnosis and how it can be effectively applied across various settings, whether clinical, therapeutic, or for entertainment.